Risk Factors Related to argenx’s Organization and Operations

Our future growth and ability to compete depends on maintaining our culture, retaining our key personnel and recruiting additional qualified personnel.

We believe that our corporate culture has been, and will continue to be a key contributor to our success. However, as we implement more complex organizational structures, and increase our headcount to support the growth in our business, our ability to foster our key values – innovation, co-creation, empowerment, excellence and humility that we believe are important to support our growth – may be impacted. We may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture, which could similarly negatively impact our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified employees and our future success.

As a global organization in a highly competitive and specialized industry, our success also depends upon the continued contributions of our key management, scientific, medical and technical personnel, many of whom have been instrumental for us and have substantial experience with our product and related technologies. These key management individuals include the members of the Board of Directors and Senior Management Team. Difficulties in recruiting or the loss of key managers, scientific, medical or technical personnel could delay our research and development activities. In addition, it may be difficult to attract and retain highly qualified management, scientific and medical personnel, particularly if we expand into fields that will require additional skills. In addition, future leadership transitions and management changes may cause uncertainty in, or a disruption to, our business, and may increase the likelihood of senior management or other employee turnover. We are currently undergoing a leadership transition, as in early January 2026, we announced that Karen Massey, our current COO, will transition to the role of CEO and Executive Director and Tim Van Hauwermeiren, our current CEO, will transition to the role of Non-Executive Director and Chairperson of the Board of Directors. Both transitions are subject to shareholder approval at the 2026 General Meeting. Any failure to ensure an effective transition or any future management changes could adversely affect our business, and we cannot predict the likelihood, timing or effect of future transitions among our executive leadership.

As a Dutch company listed on Euronext Brussels and Nasdaq, our remuneration practices and policies may be limited by local governance rules or shareholder guidance for EU companies. Such limitations may make it more difficult to successfully compete for key talent in a number of markets with differing remuneration practices and policies compared to our competitors. For example, the Dutch Corporate Governance Code 2025 (DCGC) places certain limitations on the ability to grant equity incentives to Non-Executive Directors, while Belgian law requires Non-Executive Directors to receive part of their remuneration in the forms of shares, but not stock options. The DCGC also places limitations on amount of severance payment permitted in the event of dismissal.

Many other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. Additionally, inflationary pressures and a tight labor market for skilled workers may increase compensation expectations, requiring us to raise operating costs in order to attract and retain employees. Therefore, we might not be able to attract or retain these key persons or other employees on conditions that are economically acceptable.

Global geo- and socio-political threats and macro-economic uncertainty and other unforeseen political crises could materially and adversely affect our business and financial performance.

Many geo- and socio-political threats and macro-economic uncertainties are outside of our control and could adversely affect consumer confidence and disposable income levels, increase difficulty in forecasting our financial results and have other impacts on our business and financial performance. Such geo- and socio-political threats could also result in volatility in stock markets in general, causing our stock to have extreme price and volume fluctuations unrelated to our business and financial performance.

Such geo- and socio-political threats and uncertainties include:

• general economic and market conditions, including government shutdowns, including the U.S. government shutdown, instability resulting from inflationary pressures, and increasing interest rates;
• geopolitical events, including natural disasters, public health emergencies, acts of war, and terrorism;
• economic and financial sanctions, trade embargoes, import and export regulations, tariffs, customs, and inbound and outbound investment restrictions;
• restrictions, changes in trade agreements, trade barriers or other restrictions on foreign trade, and changes in trade regulations and restrictions, including between the U.S. and other countries;
• global or regional economic conditions that impact companies and customers with which we do business;
• political or social unrest, economic instability, repression, or human rights issues;
• disruptions in supply chains;
• risks related to other government regulation or required compliance with local laws;
• consumer and commercial credit availability, unemployment, and consumer debt levels; and
• local licensing and reporting obligations.

Due to our international operations and the fact that we run clinical trials across multiple jurisdictions, geopolitical conflicts and related sanctions may, in certain circumstances, impact our ability to conduct or complete clinical trials in the affected regions. For example, General License 6D issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control currently authorizes certain clinical trial and medical research activities that would otherwise be restricted by U.S. sanctions targeting Russia, the scope, availability, or duration of such authorizations may change.

We also perform development activities in a number of countries exposed to geopolitical risk and if conflicts in those countries were to escalate further and impact neighboring countries, it could impact our development activities in those countries.

Changes in U.S.-Mainland China relations, including tariffs, export controls, economic and financial sanctions, and other regulations may adversely impact our collaboration with Zai Lab in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau (together, Greater China). The U.S. government has taken steps and continues to take steps with regard to U.S.-Mainland China relations that will impact companies with connections to the U.S. or Mainland China, including by imposing tariffs affecting certain products manufactured in Mainland China, imposing economic and financial sanctions on certain individuals and entities in the Mainland China, and issuing statements indicating enhanced review of companies with significant Mainland China-based operations. The U.S. government has also passed laws, including the BIOSECURE Act, which was signed into law on December 18, 2025, that could limit or restrict our ability to purchase products or services from, or otherwise collaborate with, certain Chinese biotechnology companies without losing our ability to contract with or receive funding from the U.S. government. Such restrictions could have an adverse impact on our operations.

Several countries are considering or have implemented tariffs, trade barriers or restrictions, as well as other measures impacting cross-border commerce, which could negatively affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations, including by disrupting our research and development activities, affecting our suppliers and negatively impacting our supply chain, impacting our ability to sell our products outside of the United States and negatively impacting our revenues from product sales or our cost of goods sold. The U.S. federal government has implemented tariffs on certain foreign goods and may implement additional or revised tariffs in the future. Such actions could give rise to retaliatory tariffs imposed by foreign governments and an escalation of trade measures by the U.S. and impacted countries. Developments with regard to the timing and manner in which tariffs will be implemented; the amount, scope, and nature of tariffs; the countries subject to new or additional tariffs imposed by the U.S.; tariffs imposed by other countries on goods imported from the U.S.; and other wide-ranging retaliatory measures are rapidly evolving and may change unexpectedly at any time. For example, the U.S. President has repeatedly announced plans to impose 100% tariffs on imported branded or patented pharmaceuticals, unless the importing company is building U.S. manufacturing capacity. It is not yet clear whether these tariffs would apply to the importation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and possibly bulk drug products that are intended for use in clinical trials and not for commercial sale, which could increase the costs of materials for our clinical trials. Any direct tariffs, if imposed on pharmaceutical products, may result in increased costs for raw materials and contract manufacturing services, reduced ability to source critical CMOs, and a delay in our development timelines. Although on February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down certain tariffs imposed by the Trump Administration pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the Trump Administration responded by announcing new tariffs pursuant to another statute. Other countries may, in turn, retaliate with new tariffs against US exports. These events increase the uncertainty and the risks we face resulting from tariffs described above.

Any new legislation, executive orders, tariffs, export controls, economic and financial sanctions, trade embargoes and/or other regulations that may be implemented, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, including tariffs and export controls, the renegotiation of existing trade agreements, any increased scrutiny on companies with significant Mainland China-based operations, and any retaliatory actions taken by the U.S., EU, Chinese or other governments due to trade tensions could have an adverse effect on our business, including the development and commercialization of products containing argenx-licensed material. Further, general political uncertainty may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks related to natural disasters and public health issues, that could negatively affect our business and financial condition.

Our business could be adversely impacted by the effects of catastrophic global events including natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires, hurricanes, tornados, floods or significant power outages and public health crises.

For example, the manufacturing of all of our products and product candidates requires using cells which are stored in a cell bank. We have one master cell bank for each product manufactured in accordance with cGMPs. However, it is possible that we could lose multiple cell banks and have our manufacturing significantly impacted by the need to replace these cell banks, which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Public health issues could also negatively affect our business and financial condition. We operate and conduct our clinical trials globally. We cannot presently predict the scope and severity of any potential future business shutdowns or disruptions as a result of public health issues. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage, including the suppliers, contract manufacturers, clinical trial sites, regulators and other third parties, were to experience shutdowns, quarantines, or other business disruptions due to natural disasters or global public health issues, it may impair our or our third-party partners’ ability to initiate clinical trials and recruit and retain patients, particularly if quarantine or travel restrictions impede healthcare provider or patient movement, impact the usability of the data due to treatment interruptions and require protocol amendments. In addition, regulatory authorities may restrict their operations or be delayed in their operations during a pandemic, the outbreak of new variants or other public health issues, including further to travel restrictions which could adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and to commercialize our products and product candidates and have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.

We are exposed globally to unanticipated changes in tax laws and regulations, adjustments to our tax provisions, exposure to additional tax liabilities, or adjustments of our tax assets.

As a company active in research and development, we have benefited from certain research and development tax incentives including tax credits and a payroll withholding tax exemption. We also expect to benefit from the Belgian innovation income deduction.

The determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires judgment, including the adoption of certain accounting policies and our determination of whether our deferred tax assets are, and will remain, fully available in future periods. We cannot guarantee that our interpretation of applicable tax laws (including with respect to our eligibility for, or our calculation of, tax incentives such as the Belgian R&D tax credit, the Belgian payroll withholding tax exemption for R&D personnel, the Belgian innovation income deduction and similar tax incentives in other jurisdictions in which we have material operations or sales), our transfer pricing policies or our organizational and operational structure will not be questioned by the relevant tax authorities, or that the relevant tax laws and regulations, or the interpretation thereof, including through tax rulings, will not be subject to change. Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected, now or in the future, by changes in tax laws, treaties and regulations or the interpretation thereof by the relevant tax authorities in countries where we have material operations. A successful challenge to tax positions in Belgium or other country where we have material operations may lead to adjustments in the amounts recorded in our financial statements and could have a significant impact on our effective tax rate and on our deferred tax assets. An increase of the effective tax rates could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In case of a change of control, we could be exposed to the risk of losing any unused tax credit and innovation income deduction. Furthermore, if any legislator decides to eliminate, or change the conditions for claiming such tax incentives, or reduce the scope or the rate of such incentives, any of which it could decide to do at any time, our results of operations could be adversely affected including through the de-recognition of deferred tax assets.

We may encounter difficulties efficiently managing our growth and our increasing development, regulatory, and sales and marketing capabilities, which could disrupt our operations.

We have grown, and expect to continue to grow globally, significantly in the number of employees and scope of operations over recent years, particularly in the areas of drug research, drug development, regulatory affairs, and sales and marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth and support our expanding global footprint, we must continue to enhance our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and recruit and train additional qualified personnel and build the internal infrastructure necessary. Any inability to manage growth effectively could delay the execution of our strategic objectives or disrupt our operations, which in turn could materially harm our business and prospects.

In particular, our planned international expansion subjects us to a number of risks, including risks following complexities in monitoring and coordinating research and development, marketing, supply chain and other operations in a large number of jurisdictions, risks related to laws, regulations and policies, including those implemented following changes in political leadership and trade, risks related to varying standards and practices in the legal, regulatory and business cultures in which we operate, risks related to capital and exchange controls, cross-border taxes and tariffs, cross-border data transfer restrictions, and complex sanctions regimes in various countries such as the U.S., the EU and other jurisdictions, violations of which could lead to fines or other penalties, risks related to geopolitical and local political instability and uncertain business environments and risks related to complexities associated with managing local personnel and preventing misconduct by local third-party partners.

The application of laws and regulations impacting global business operations is often unclear and may at times conflict. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in our business practices that result in reduced revenue and profitability. Non-compliance could also result in fines, damages, criminal sanctions, prohibited business conduct, and damage to our reputation.